Earthquake disasters seriously threaten the safety of human society, and the accuracy of disaster information dissemination directly affects public emergency response effectiveness. Based on the characteristics of disaster news reporting and information processing mechanisms, this study collected 333 valid questionnaires by questionnaire survey method,and analyzed the influence mechanisms of education level,gender characteristics, and geographic location on the cognitive differences of disaster information by independent samples T-test and one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA), and the results reveal that the education level affects the credibility of the information and the guiding judgement of actions,and intensifies the cognitive differentiation within the group by regulating the level of scientific literacy. Therefore, it is suggested to establish a hierarchical information system that is appropriate for the education level so that accurate information can be conveyed through the construction of an information hub in the whole region to achieve emergency guidance.