大型石膏矿采空区地面塌陷监测预警关键技术研究

1.江苏省地质局第五地质大队,江苏 徐州 221004;2.中国矿业大学,江苏 徐州 221116

石膏矿;采空区;地面塌陷;监测预警;地下水

Research on Key Technologies for Monitoring and Early Warning of Ground Collapse in Large-Scale Gypsum Mine Goafs
JING Jiajun1,SUN Xiaoqian1,GUAN Zhen1,CHU Zhaoxiang2

1.The Fifth Geological Brigade of Jiangsu Geological Bureau, Xuzhou 221004, China;2.China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

Gypsum mine; Goaf; Ground collapse; Monitoring and early warning; Groundwater

DOI: 10.13512/j.hndz.2026.05.17

备注

我国石膏矿资源丰富,主要通过地下房柱法开采,因不合理的开采,地面塌陷时有发生。采空塌陷不但威胁矿山安全生产,造成巨大的经济损失,还极易造成恶劣的社会影响。为防治采空塌陷而采取的井下治理工程花费巨大,且治理效果未知的前提下,开展有效的石膏矿采空塌陷监测预警工作尤为重要。针对石膏矿区,先后采用井下巡查、地表变形监测、震动和地声监测、地下水监测等多种手段,对采空塌陷进行了监测预警及对比优选。研究结果表明:矿山开采阶段,井下巡查是最为行之有效的监测手段;关闭矿山,地下水监测能精准的捕捉到塌陷整个过程。针对闭坑石膏矿井建立地下水监测预警系统,成功预警2起采空地面塌陷事故:2024年6月11日至14日监测结果显示,盆地型塌陷能提前3h左右触发阈值发出有效预警信息;2021年12月7日至10日监测结果显示,陷落型塌陷最早30h前有明显水位变化,触发阈值发出预警信息,为防灾减灾工作提供了较充足的准备时间。为相似地质环境条件下的石膏矿监测预警工作提供参考。
China is rich in gypsum mine resources, which are mainly mined through the underground room-and-pil‐lar mining method. Due to unreasonable mining, ground collapses occur from time to time. Goaf collapse not only threatens the safe production of mines, causing huge economic losses, but also easily leads to adverse social impact. Under the premise that the underground treatment projects adopted to prevent and control goaf collapse are extreme‐ly costly and the treatment effect is unknown, it is particularly important to carry out effective monitoring and early warning work for goaf collapse in gypsum mines. In view of the gypsum mining area, a variety of means such as un‐derground inspections, surface deformation monitoring, vibration and geoacoustic monitoring, and groundwater mon‐itoring have been successively adopted to conduct monitoring, early warning, and comparative optimization for goaf collapse. The research results show that underground inspection is the most effective monitoring method during the mining period, whereas groundwater monitoring can accurately capture the whole collapse process in closed mines. A groundwater monitoring and early warning system has been established for the closed gypsum mine, which has successfully issued early warnings for two goaf ground collapse accidents: The monitoring results from June 11 to 14, 2024 showed that basin-type collapse can trigger warning thresholds approximately 3 hours in advance; the mon‐itoring results from December 7 to 10, 2021 showed that there was a significant water level variation as early as 30 hours prior to collapse, triggering the threshold to issue early warning information, which provided sufficient prepa‐ration time for disaster prevention and mitigation. This study can provide a reference for the monitoring and early warning work of gypsum mines under similar geological environmental conditions.
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