1556年陕西华县大地震的震级再评估及其对正断型地震的启示

1.天津市地震局,天津 300201;2.防灾科技学院,河北 三河 065201;3.陕西省地震局,西安 710068

1556年华县地震;渭河盆地;同震位错;正断型地震

Magnitude Reassessment of the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake in Shaanxi and Its Implications for Normal Faulting Earthquakes
LIU Jianbo1,LEI Shengxue1,2,MA Ji3,ZHANG Mingdong1,LIU Jincheng1,MA Yishan1

1.Tianjin Earthquake Agency , Tianjin 300201, China;2.Institute of Disaster Prevention , Sanhe 065201, China;3.Shaanxi Earthquake Agency, Xi’an 710068, China

1556 Huaxian earthquake;Weihe Basin;Coseismic dislocation;Normal-faulting earthquake

DOI: 10.13512/j.hndz.2026.02.01

备注

与走滑型或逆断型地震相比,正断型地震的震例相对较少,非常有必要研究历史上发生的正断型地震震例以扩展相应的地震目录。1556年发生在渭河盆地的华县大地震为世界历史上死亡最为惨重的一次正断型地震,然而,该地震的震级却具有较大争议。利用Pléiades高分辨率卫星影像及其生成的地形数据,系统测量了华县大地震的同震地表位错,并搜集整理了前人得到的相关数据。结果显示,1556年华县地震的平均垂直位移约为6.6m,震级则约为Mw7.3~7.9;华县地震可能是目前记录到的最大陆内正断型地震,但其依然符合“大陆内部正断型地震的震级几乎不超过Mw8”的认识。
Compared with strike-slip or thrust-faulting earthquakes,there are relatively few cases of normal fault⁃ing earthquakes. It is very necessary to study historical cases of normal faulting earthquakes to expand the corre⁃sponding earthquake catalog.The Huaxian earthquake in the Weihe Basin in 1556 is recorded as the deadliest nor⁃mal fault earthquake in world history. However, the magnitude of the earthquake is controversial. This study uti⁃lized high-resolution satellite imagery from Pléiades and the generated topographical data to systematically measure the coseismic surface dislocation of the Huaxian earthquake,and collected the relevant data obtained by previous researchers. The results indicate that the average vertical displacement of the 1556 Huaxian earthquake was approxi⁃mately 6.6 meters, with a magnitude estimated at MW7.3-7.9. The Huaxian earthquake may be the largest intra⁃plate normal fault earthquake on record,but it still aligns with the understanding that the magnitudes of intraplate normal fault earthquakes rarely exceed MW8.
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